The Pioneer Of Attachment Theory By John Bowlby - 1826 Words

As human beings, we are fundamentally alone. We come into this world alone and eventually we must die alone, yet, paradoxically, throughout our lives we are inextricably linked to others (O’Donohue Cucciare, 2010). From birth human infants have a significant period of immaturity and remain dependant on caregivers for a number of years (Dozier Rutter, 2008). The nature of the early caregiver-infant relationship and the impact this has on later development has been studied over the past century (Bretherton Munholland, 2008). More specifically, the emotional bond between adult caregiver and child is thought to be vital in laying the foundation on which the child understands themself and the world around them (Speiker, Oxford, Kelly,†¦show more content†¦Next, I will discuss the main research findings associated with attachment disorders during childhood, highlighting the importance of defining the narrow definition of an attachment disorder to guide assessment and tr eatment. I then will turn to the assessment of attachment in clinical settings and the methodological issues associated with translating research-based assessments into practice. Finally, I will focus on treatment describing some interventions that are closely derived from attachment theory and the dangers of misapplying attachment theory to practice. Development of Attachment Attachment serves the purpose of promoting closeness between infants with their adult caregivers who are responsible for comforting, nurturing and protecting them (Breidensteine, Bailey, Zeanah Larrieu, 2011). Bowlby (1958) developed attachment theory to explain young children’s behaviours in ethological terms, positing that infants have developed an adaptive system directed towards their adult caregivers to elicit attention and care (Del Giudice, 2009). These biological driven behaviours, such as crying or clinging to a recognised and consistent caregiverShow MoreRelatedAttachment Theory Essay1152 Words   |  5 PagesChris Livoti 3/5/13 IB Psychology Mrs. Urso John Bowlby is the pioneer of the attachment theory and worked with children who had been separated from their parents during World War 2. He observed that many of these children developed emotional problems, and he made the connection that the emotional problems stemmed from the separation from the mother. Bowlby was born in London to an upper class family, and would rarely see, and interact with his motherRead MoreBowlby’s Attachment Theory Essay example1156 Words   |  5 PagesBowlby’s attachment theory has greatly influenced practice. His theory of attachment explains the importance of having a figure that the child shares a strong bond with. Having an attachment can significantly support a child’s development as Barbara Woods suggests that â€Å"his theory of attachment proposed that attachment is innate in both infants and mothers, and that the formation of this attachment is crucial for the infants development† Wood, B (2001, p.53). Bowlby believ ed that forming an attachmentRead MoreThe Attachment Theory and Factors Damaging to Attachment1163 Words   |  5 PagesAttachment Theory Relationships are the building block for personality and are significant in children’s ability to grow into substantial individuals who can thrive in an often harsh world. Constructing lasting and fulfilling relationships is an integral part to development as the interpersonal bonds forged are not only highly sought after but also set the ground work for all upcoming expressive interactions. Relationships and attachment go hand in hand as attachment is the strong and lasting linkageRead MoreDevelopment of Secure and Insecure Attachments in Children1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthe development of secure and insecure attachments in children THE INTRODUCTION During the past fifty years much research has been carried out on the secure and insecure attachments for children. Many reaserchers have been particularly interested in the relationship between secure and insecure attachments in the child`s development , and what bearings it has on the child`s emotional , social and psychophysical well being ( Erikson, 1963; Bowlby, 1958; Ainsworth et.al, 1978). This essayRead MoreHow Does Your Understanding of Attachment Theory and Maternal Deprivation Inform Your Understanding of Nursing/Midwifery Practice?2701 Words   |  11 PagesHow does your understanding of attachment theory and maternal deprivation inform your understanding of nursing/midwifery practice? â€Å"The relationship between mothers and infants is critical for child development. For whatever reason, in some cases, that relationship doesn’t develop normally. Neglect and abuse can result, with devastating effects on a child’s development† (Strathearn, 2008) A psychological perspective of attachment is a term to describe a reciprocal emotional tie that developsRead MoreSocial, Family And Environmental Influences On Human Development Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pages(Vygotsky) †¢ Family influence (Bowlby) †¢ Social and family environment (Bronfenbrenner) †¢ Conclusions †¢ References â€Å"You cannot predict the outcome of human development .All you can do like a farmer create the conditions under which it wellbeing flourish(Robinson.K.2001)This essay will discussed social , family and environmental influences on human development ,across in whole life-span .And relate three theorist s respective concepts including Vygotsky ,Bronfenbrenner and Bowlby who has made great contributionsRead More To what extent and in what ways are people ?fixed? and ?open to change1567 Words   |  7 Pages Charles Darwin was not only a pioneer in evolutionary psychology, also today’s theories of modern lifespan development draw on and are influenced by Darwin’s ideas. His functionalist perspective primarily focused on the reason for development of specific human characteristics over many generations, and therefore an enormously long timescale. However, inspired by the observations in the development his own son, Darwin also acknowledged that â€Å"an individual is the result of a gradual sequence of priorRead MoreApplication Of Attachment Theory On The Strange Situation846 Words   |  4 PagesApplication of Attachment Theory to Lars’ Relationships Attachment theory is based on John Bowlby’s belief that humans are inclined to connect with others affectionately and use these connections as a safe place in time of stress or trouble (Sable, 2008). These attachments are primarily formed at birth with the primary caregiver, but can Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, pioneers in the theory suggest that the theory continues throughout the lifespan. Ainsworth suggests in the â€Å"Strange situation† that thereRead MoreThe Study of the Attachment by Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth2075 Words   |  9 PagesThe study of the Attachment by Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth The word love brings us many meanings. But how do we learn to love? Is it something that we born with, like kind of pre-programmed behaviour or is it a something that we learn during our development? Do we bound to others because of something that we receive on exchange or the constant proximity forms the bound? The comprehension of what defines emotional attachments or the emotional bounding to others, either in humans or otherRead MoreThe Current Principles Of Early Year s Pedagogy And Current Practice1781 Words   |  8 Pagesit shows how important the first couple of years in a child’s life can affect them the throughout their life. It shows how important it is to have the pioneers input into the practice and teaching of children as its important they have the best start in life to help them develop. In this assignment I am going to compare previous and current pioneers that have and are influencing the current principles of early year’s pedagogy. For example how they are influencing the four principles of the Early

A Dolls House And A Dolls House Essay - 1656 Words

Commonly, we see female characters in literature completely at the discipline of their male counterparts. However, some females challenge the notion that subservience to the patriarchy is absolutely ‘necessary’. A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen and Thomas Hardy’s Far from the Madding Crowd both create interesting female characters in Nora Helmer and Bathsheba Everdene respectively. Whether these women are truly either independent or dependent, is ambiguous in their pieces of literature. Authors’ own political and social views often infuse their writing, as Hardy frequently commented on the hypocrisy of Victorian attitudes to women. However, in contrast, Ibsen’s play was received very differently to how it was intended, as he said ‘I†¦show more content†¦Whether Bathsheba and Nora need strong men in order fulfil their basic, psychological and self-fulfilment needs is a concept, which whilst the society of the time would have given a definitive ‘yes’, is far more complex. Far from the Madding Crowd’s Bathsheba’s basic needs (her psychological need for food and air, and her safety needs of shelter and law), in the beginning of the novel are fragile. Bathsheba is residing with her Aunt, and they are not ‘rich enough’ to pay someone for labour, which exemplifies how women struggled without ‘a man to do these things’. However, as soon as Chapter 5 Bathsheba had left Norcombe to inherit her Uncles farm. Whilst it was legal for Bathsheba to inherit this land, it was highly uncommon. Through this farm, Bathsheba had the potential to account for her own survival, without a strong male. This is reinforced by how, in chapter 10, she announces ‘the bailiff is dismissed for thieving’ and that she has ‘formed a resolution to have no bailiff at all, but to manage everything with [her] own head and hands’ to which the men delivered ‘an audible breath of amazement’, highlighting how extrao rdinary Bathsheba’s independence is. On the other hand, Bathsheba owns and maintains the farm through her inheritance from a man, and her employment of men. Without her uncle giving her the farm or her workers labouring, Bathsheba certainly would not have been able to survive independently. Oak, although was only an employee ofShow MoreRelatedA Dolls House And A Dolls House Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pages Henrik Ibsen one of his most famous literature works â€Å"A doll’s house† and Kate Chopin’s short story â€Å"The story of an hour† portrays to the Victorian era, when women didn’t have rights. Both authors were born in an era where women didn’t have rights, and that women faced many aspects in life, such as being submissive to their husband’s, they were viewed as possessions than as people, and live a life that they didn’t want to live during the Victorian age. Even though Ibsen did not live the life ofRead MoreA Critics Opinion of a Dolls House1743 Words   |  7 PagesDestiny Maxfield Mrs. Collar Engl. 1302 19 November 2012 A Critic’s Opinion of A Doll’s House In Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House many views could be seen from both sides of the gender world. Critics will argue about the true meaning of the story and why Ibsen wrote the story. The main points of the play that critics discuss are sexuality i.e. feminism, the wrong doing of the father figure, and spiritual revolution. I believe these critics are each right in their own way from my understanding of theRead MoreNora Helmer versus Hedda Gabler in Male Dominated Society Essay1101 Words   |  5 Pagesof Hedda Gabler and A Doll House, we witness examples of a single individual against the overwhelming society. Nora left her family and marriage behind to become an independent individual without the control of men; whereas, Hedda Gabler choose death as her ultimate solution when she was threatened to be control by man. Ibsen’s A Doll’s House was written in 1879 in a style of realism, which depicted life more truthfully without idealized literary elements. A Doll’s House conveys Ibsen’s concernRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is a play that makes tremendous contributions to the rise of international women’s liberation movements. Much significance of the play can be found in the characterization of its female protagonist Nora. In many aspects, Nora has become an iconic character, serving as a source of inspiration to various social and cultural movements. This essay aims to trace the development of Nora’s behavior from a â€Å"female doll† to a â€Å"woman rebel† by focusing on Ibsen’s use of linguisticRead Morea dolls house1153 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ A Doll’s House South University Ibsen’s a doll house centers around a time where men worked and women were the care givers of the home. In a Doll’s House there were some major points made that eventually led up to that one defining moment. The defining moment for me was when Nora decided that she no longer wants to live the lifestyle of being the â€Å"doll†. It starts with Torvalds reading the letter about her borrowing the money and Nora’s secret is finally exposedRead MoreSocietys Expectations: In the Play The Doll ´s House Essay594 Words   |  3 PagesSociety’s Expectations As act I of â€Å"A Doll’s House† begins, the scene is set to impress the audience â€Å"with vivid descriptions of a room â€Å"furnished with taste, but nothing too extravagant†. (Ibsen) The first to enter is Nora. Nora walks in with her arms full of bags after shopping, and her husband, Torvald calls from another room to make sure it is her he hears coming through the door. Torvald sets limits on Nora’s spending; he treats her as both a child and a doll. The way in which the characters inRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1639 Words   |  7 PagesIn the play A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen examines the roles of a woman during the nineteenth century in a male dominated Victorian society. The play is a well-played out journey of the main character, Nora, self-discovery and struggles against the oppression of her husband Torvald and the society he represents. Nora, who is the wife of Torvald Helmer, is the heroine of the play in the end. At the beginning of Act I, the scene is a clear picture of the lifestyle of the Helmer’s household. TheRead More Comparison Between the Characters of Antigone and A Doll’s House1456 Words   |  6 PagesA Comparison Between the Characters of Antigone and A Doll’s House   Ã‚  Ã‚   There have always been fundamental differences between the mentalities of the male and female sexes. At one time, women were considered as a possession of the father or husband. Women were denied participation in public life, they had restricted access to education, and they werent legally allowed to own property. This oppression of women did not prevent them from fighting for, and obtaining, equal rights.   It seems thatRead More Societal Views of Women in the Victorian Era in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House887 Words   |  4 PagesVictorian Era in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House A Doll’s House, by Henrik Ibsen, creates a peephole into the lives of a family in the Victorian Era. The play portrays a female viewpoint in a male-dominated society. The values of the society are described using the actions of a woman, Nora, who rebels against the injustices inflicted upon her gender. Women’s equality with men was not recognized by society in the late 1800’s. Rather, a woman was considered a doll, a child, and a servant. Nora’s alienationRead MoreWritten Task Dolls House1173 Words   |  5 PagesOutline Prescribed question: Power and privilege: â€Å"How and why is a social group represented in a particular way? Title of text for analysis: A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, Norway 1879. Task is related to course section: Part 3: Literature texts and context Task focus: This essay focuses on Ibsen’s way of representing women, it explains why does he represent them in that specific particular way and how the time, era and context he lived in affected this aim. It states that women are

The Law of Business Organization Business Partnership

Question: Describe about The Law of Business Organization for Business Partnership. Answer: 1. The advice on the legal right of Fred Are Mary and Fred in partnershipIf so, when did it commence? A partnership is usually an agreement between two or more parties in which they come to agreement to put together their mutual interests. This an arrangement where parties, known as partners, agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests. The parties in the partnership can be individuals, schools, organizations, businesses, and government and so on. These agreements are formed in various areas in which in the case of Mary and Fred, it was a partnership in the business category, in which they verbally agreed to start a business together. One of the basic features of a partnership is either a verbal or written agreement between the parties. So Mary and Fred are in partnership. This commenced at the moment they verbally agreed to merge their resources in a ratio of 6:4 respectively to start on a partnership and also by forming a draft business plan to start the business. What liabilities to partners have for debts incurred on behalf of the firm? Can Mary be a silent partner? How would that affect her liability?( if at all) The liabilities to partners that has incurred debts is leasing of the location site of the caf and the plants and the equipment of the business without Fred informing Mary about them all. Mary cannot be a silent partner since the business requires and involves an equal and active participation by every member to ensure that the business is successful. Hence, when Fred is left as the active member, it will no longer be a viable partnership business. This will greatly affect her liability in the sense that she will not be fully responsible for the day to day operations of the business. How could Mary and Fred have structured the new business to meet their respective needs? Mary and Fred could have structured the new business in the following ways to meet their respective needs. First by having a well-written agreement between them to ensure that it is legally formalized. Secondly y obtaining a license for the beginning of the partnership that will make them legal. Thirdly, by choosing a necessary location of the business that will be most suitable for the operation of the business. Then by having an insurance certificate in their business to ensure that they are fully covered from any damages that may result in incurrences of losses. 2. Advice ABC on whether they may be able to obtain an order for specific performance or damages and against whom shall such an order be made to Specific performance is a usually a specialized cure or rather remedy involved or used by various courts as the best option to compensating one of the parties if other methods in form of remedies cannot effectively satisfy the other party. I would advise the ABC Company to obtain the order of specific performance or damages since it will be the best solution to salvaging the incurred debts from the X-Cell Pty Ltd Company in conjunction with the Arion Chemical Pty Ltd. This option will be best opted by the court since ABC Company would have fully enjoyed if the agreement between the company and the X-Cell company could have been very successful provided it would have been performed. The court may in turn apply the legal action of replevin in which the actual property from the ABC Company will be transferred back from the X-Cell Company in the process of the dispute. This will help in the ending of the disputes between the two companies. Nevertheless, the court may opt to use several other legal remedies when a party has completely breached their contract of agreement. Hence, the courts may order the defendants to actually perform the task they were to perform instead of using the specific performance way. Thus, specific remedies are the most appropriate in finding the solutions to most of the arising company disputes.

I Do or Please Dont Hawaiis Same Sex Marriages Essay Example For Students

I Do or Please Dont: Hawaiis Same Sex Marriages Essay I Do or Please Dont: Hawaiis Same Sex Marriages I Do or Please Dont: Hawaiis Same Sex Marriages With the recent decision by the Hawaii courts regarding the legalization of marriage between same-sex couples, a political debate across the United States has begun. Many people believe that this is a monstrous step to legalizing same-sex unions country wide, especially since legal tradition recognizes marriages performed in other states as binding within every other state, but also because Hawaii is known for its liberal, ground-breaking first steps that the other states often follow the model of. If the states have any will, however, they will not fold to the pressure put on them by this state and the gay rights groups, they will continue to not recognize a man and man or a woman and woman as a man and wife. What is marriage anyway? Isnt it the union of two people who love each other to prove their commitments to one another for the future? Yes, but there is more. Websters Dictionary defines marriage as: a) the state of being joined together as husband and wife, b) the state of joining a man to a woman as her husband or a woman to a man as his wife. Legally, however, marriage is more than just a statement of love. Marriage comes with economic and legal benefits that one cannot receive alone. For example, joint parental custody, insurance and health benefits, the ability to file joint tax returns, alimony and child support, and inheritance of property and visitation of a partner or a child in the hospital. In fact, the Hawaii Commission on Sexual Orientation itself concluded that denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples deprived applicants of these legal and economic benefits. So, are homosexuals fighting for the right of marriage to state their love as the gay rights groups suggest or are they pushing for the right of marriage because of the many benefits that come with it? The answer is obvious they are fighting for the benefits that come along with marriage. If they were fighting for love, then where would we stop these feelings? If homosexuals were allowed to marry because they love each other and they consent, then couldnt a pedophile marry a younger child as long as both parties fully consented? If homosexuals were allowed to marry because they love each other, then couldnt one man marry many wives because he loved each one and they each loved him? If homosexuals were allowed to marry because they love each other, then couldnt a son and his mother, or even a brother and a brother, marry because they love each other? As one member of the Episcopal Laity Group said, a line must be drawn and it must never be crossed. Marriage is for a man and a woman, and thats the way marriage will always be. The gay rights activists claim that this denial of love, in the form of marriage, is a form of discrimination. These gay rights activists claim that this denial of love is similar to when slavery was being defended, womens voting rights were being denied, or even more specifically and more related, the anti-miscegenation laws of a few decades back. This is clearly an attempt at tugging at the nations heart chords by comparing the struggle for same-sex unions to several notable, if not the most notable, equality struggles in the history of the United States. The comparison to the defense of slavery or the denial of womens voting rights by gay rights groups is simply unfounded. Homosexuality has never been considered morally good, and it is a tremendous jump from saying that black-skinned people should work for white-skinned people just because of skin color or women cant vote just because of sex to saying that homosexuals cant marry just because of their sexual habits. Catcher in the rye and for esm EssayIf anything, homosexuality is comparable to smokers, compulsive gamblers,pornography fanatics, sex addicts, and pedophiles because these are all peoplewhose traits (whether inborn or not) directly effect society. This alsodirectly relates to interracial marriages because a persons skin color does notproduce a certain effect on conduct or character. If polled at the time of therespective movement (anti-slavery, womens rights, or interracial marriages), amajority of the United States population would have supported the movements(population includes those who are directly involved), but in the United Statestoday, over 2/3rds of the population are against same-sex marriage (according tonational polls run by Newsweek and CNN). On top of that, along with marriagegoes the assumption of sexual activity. The sexual activity of one homosexualwith another (sodomy) is illegal in many states and allowing gays to marry wouldbe turning a head to this illegal ac t. Whether sodomy is illegal or not, it is still practiced, claim the gayrights activists. While this is concedable, they also say that monogamousrelationships are safer in the homosexual community than polygamousrelationships. This is one of those statements that sounds good, because it istrue in the heterosexual community, but the facts prove otherwise, because thehomosexual community is not the heterosexual community. The general feelingamong gay rights activists is that with the threat of AIDS and other diseasesamong promiscuous, homosexual men, it is a societal good to encouragehomosexual monogamy. However, in cities where homosexual monogamy is alreadybeing encouraged, AIDS and other sexually-transmitted diseases are actuallysoaring! (Survey from the Centers of Disease Control report by Associated Press,HIV Found in 7 Percent Gay Young Men: Education Fails to halt Spread, TheWashington Times, February 11, 1996, p A-3; Michael Warner, Why Gay Men AreHaving Risky Sex, Village Voice, New York, January 31, 1995, Vol. XL., No. 5)AIDS is most likely transmitted in unsafe sex acts, and an English studyrecently published that the most unsafe sex acts occur in homosexual steadyrelationships. Men in steady relationships practiced more anal intercourse andoral-anal intercourse than those without a steady partner. Said one formerhomosexual, William Aaron, in the gay life, fidelity is almost impossible. . . the gay man must be constantly on the lookout for new partners . . . the mosthomophile marriages are those where there is an arrangement between the two tohave affairs on the side . . . (OUT Magazine) So, the myth that homosexualmarriage will decrease the number of gay AIDS patients because of lesspromiscuity is completely unfounded. The myth by these gay rights activistsshow how common sense in the heterosexual community must not be applied ascommon sense in the homosexual community, and vice versa, because they are twodifferent communities. In fact, the gay rights activists use of this mythsimply shows how they want to play on the heterosexual communitys fear of AIDSin order to gain something advantageous for themselves. The fear of AIDS, discrimination, and denial of love are all tacticsused by those in support of same-sex unions, but clearly all of them areineffective arguments when examined. In it painfully obvious that the onlyadvantage to same-sex unions for homosexuals is the legal and economic benefits,but it is at this point that the homosexuals are receiving favoritism ratherthan equality. When two people are allowed to marry just because of legal andeconomic reasons, regardless of whether or not they are marrying in thetraditional sense, it is clearing being discriminatory against those in theheterosexual community who are marrying for love. It is giving gays anadvantage rather than equality. Homosexual unions should not be allowed in theUnited States, and as a representative of St. Athanasius Roman Catholic Churchsaid, marriage is a privilege not a right.INTERVIEWEESEpiscopal Laity Group, 1-800-307-7609 St. Anthanasius Roman Catholic Church,703-759-4555